What type of tissue makes articular cartilage

Noninvasive imaging techniques are an important tool for the evaluation, diagnosis, and monitoring of articular cartilage. MRI is widely accepted because of its ability to capture the integrity of soft tissue and subchondral cancellous bone. MRI is superior to conventional radiography and computed tomography because of its superior soft tissue contrast, multiplanar capabilities, and lack of ionizing radiation.

Standard MRI pulse sequences T1 and T2 use intrinsic relaxation times and are a reflection of the local tissue properties. T1-weighted spin echo sequences provide excellent anatomic detail and high contrast between cartilage and subchondral bone. T2 relaxation time is a reproducible and quantifiable parameter that reflects the internuclear dephasing that occurs as a result of transverse relaxation of the exited hydrogen dipoles.

The collagen organization of the ECM may be measured using this technique. To assess the glycosaminoglycan content of articular cartilage, delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage may be used. Tracking areas of depleted glycosaminoglycans are indirectly measured, and the use of delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage shows promise in its ability to detect injured or diseased articular cartilage. Another imaging technique used to assess the proteoglycan content of articular cartilage is sodium MRI.

When the excitational radio frequency is peaked on a specific sodium species 23 Na , the relative fixed charge density of cartilage may be quantified, which is a function of the spatial resolution of charged proteoglycans. The imaging of articular cartilage remains challenging owing to the zonal changes in structure and biochemical composition over a few millimeters.

The potential for artifacts associated with MRI adds another dimension of complexity to this imaging dilemma. Articular cartilage is a highly specialized connective tissue of diarthrodial joints. Its principal function is to provide a smooth, lubricated surface for articulation and to facilitate the transmission of loads with a low frictional coefficient.

The mechanical behavior of this tissue depends on the interaction of its fluid and solid components. The unique and complex structure of articular cartilage continues to make its treatment and repair a significant challenge. No potential conflict of interest declared. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.

Journal List Sports Health v. Sports Health. Alice J. Sophia Fox. Scott A. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Keywords: articular cartilage, basic science, extracellular matrix, collagen, proteoglycan, chondrocyte.

This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Gross photograph of healthy articular cartilage in an adult human knee. Structure and Composition of Articular Cartilage Articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage and is 2 to 4 mm thick. Figure 2. Regions In addition to zonal variations in structure and composition, the matrix consists of several distinct regions based on proximity to the chondrocytes, composition, and collagen fibril diameter and organization.

Chondrocytes The chondrocyte is the resident cell type in articular cartilage. Proteoglycans Proteoglycans are heavily glycosolated protein monomers.

Figure 3. Noncollagenous Proteins and Glycoproteins Although a number of noncollagenous proteins and glycoproteins are found within articular cartilage, their specific function has not been fully characterized.

Metabolism In adults, the articular cartilage matrix is separated from the subchondral vascular spaces by the subchondral plate. Biomechanical Function Articular cartilage is a thin layer of specialized connective tissue with unique viscoelastic properties.

Figure 4. Figure 5. Age and Development Age determines the composition of the ECM as well as the organization of chondrocytes and their response to external factors such as cytokines. Mri In Articular Cartilage Noninvasive imaging techniques are an important tool for the evaluation, diagnosis, and monitoring of articular cartilage. Summary Articular cartilage is a highly specialized connective tissue of diarthrodial joints.

Footnotes No potential conflict of interest declared. References 1. Tensile properties of human knee joint cartilage: I. Influence of ionic cartilage conditions, weight bearing and fibrillation on the tensile modulus.

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J Biomech Eng. Linn FC, Sokoloff L. Movement and composition of interstitial fluid of cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. What type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints?

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What is bigger than an asteroid but smaller than Mercury and farther from the sun than Neptune? Still have questions? Find more answers. Connective tissue membranes do not contain an epithelial cell layer and there are two forms found in the body; synovial and meninges membranes. What is a synovial joint? A synovial joint is the type of joint found between bones that move against each other, such as the joints of the limbs e.

What is inflammation of the synovial membrane? Synovitis is the medical term for inflammation of the synovial membrane. This membrane lines joints that possess cavities, known as synovial joints. The condition is usually painful, particularly when the joint is moved. The joint usually swells due to synovial fluid collection. What is synovial fluid and why is it important? Synovial fluid has two functions in the body, which are to lubricate the articular cartilage at the ends of the bones in the joint and to supply nutrients to the articular cartilage, or a thin layer of protective cartilage in the joints.

The presence of synovial fluid is very important for our bones. What foods increase synovial fluid? Oily fish can reduce joint pain and morning stiffness, thanks to the anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acids they contain. Extra virgin olive oil. Onions and Garlic. Green Tea. Does synovial fluid regenerate? It acts as a shock absorber. It has no blood supply, so an injured cartilage takes a long time to heal and a damaged lost cartilage never gets regenerated naturally.

Synovial fluid is a yolk like fluid that is produced by the synovial membrane that surrounds the inner linings of the joint.